The main aim of our paper is to bring forth the detail about the low cost wireless internet access for rural area through the 4G technology wi-fi (IEEE 802.11n). Although a large number of Internet users now enjoy high-speed access, there are still vast geographic regions where broadband services are either prohibitively expensive or simply unavailable at any price. Researches and technology are more needed for rural areas where the development is lacking.
Hence our paper analyses the cost and effectiveness of all possible technologies such as Cisco Aeronet Bridge
Introduction
The 4G technologies are all about improving the performance of today’s mobile networks, and also revolutionizing the model to create a truly ultra-broadband mobile experience.
The international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012-2015 time scale.
Why move towards 4G
- Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing
– Wider Bandwidth
- Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability
- Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network
- Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation schemes
- Need all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data
What is 4G?
4G is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations.
Objectives of 4G
1.4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.
2. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security.
3. 4G will use smart antennas.
4. It will be multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) system based
5.Dynamic packet asignment
6. Wideband orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM)
Key 4G Technologies
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are described below:
1. OFDM technology
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique that divides the communication channel into a number of equally spaced frequency bands. A subcarrier carrying a portion of user information is transmitted in each Band. Each subcarrier is independent of each other.
OFDM transmits data simultaneously over a large number of channels at different frequency, enables to send a large data. Hence high speed information transmission occurs.
OFDM not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a frame work for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using OFDM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain, even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity
As shown in the fig. 2 the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is “narrowband” (a few kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path effects, providing a guard intervals is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO.
It can also be employed as a multi access technology (OFDMA). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity) but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.
OFDMA has being modulation technique for WLAN, digital audio broad cost systems, digital video broad cost systems and a candidate for future mobile systems.
2. MIMO system
The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology was decided to add to IEEE802.11n standards. MIMO is a family of technologies for multi antenna wireless transmission and reception that increases the achievable data throughput within the same occupied bandwidth, increases quality of communication, and allowing dramatically increased spectral efficiency, while offering sustainable benefits to system performance, it also increases the challenges in design and system evaluation and validation.
Multiple antennas at both the base station and terminal can significantly increases data rates with sufficient multipath. It uses signals multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency.
MIMO is well suited for OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This process of OFDM greatly simplifies the process. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of received signals may deliver several performance improvements: range ,quality of received signals and spectrum efficiency
A smart antenna combines multiple antenna elements with a signal-processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment .it amplifies the frequency to user who wants to communicate and it can be adopted to OFDM and SDR
SDR technology is enabling frequencies and communication methods and to be changed flexible by means of software. It responses to internet protocol version 6 (IPV6). SDR benefits from today’s high processing to develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals.
Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR.
For example to increase the network capacity at a specific time (eg. During sports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modes at a given transceiver station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy.
In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard Pico/micro cells. For the manufacture, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.
Interlayer optimization
The most obvious interaction is the one between MIMO and the MAC layer. Other interactions have been identified in fig.7
The condition of the Rural Area
Researches and Technologies are more needed where development is lacking, that is, in the developing regions of the world .however technology meant for developed telecom economics are often too cost, or otherwise unsuitable for use in rural regions of the third world. Thus, despite the enormous benefits enjoyed through the cellular revolution by people in metropolitan areas of developing countries like India
Why the Penetration of Technology is less in Rural Area?
The reasons for this are the low population density in rural (in comparison with cities) and the low paying capacity of users there. The cost of technology is important factor in deciding its applicability for rural use.
Issues with current approach
1. Tower cost is very high
2. The cost of directional antennas is very high. But to some extent directional antennas is unavoidable.
3. Alignment of villages based client directional antenna is an expensive proposition.
corDECT(IIT-madras, TeNeT Group)
corDECT is a wireless local loop standard developed in India by IIT Madras and Midas Communications at Chennai, under leadership of Prof Ashok Jhunjhunwala, based on the DECT digital cordless phone standard.
The technology is a Fixed Wireless Option, which has extremely low capital costs and is ideal for small start ups to scale, as well as for sparse rural areas. It is very suitable for ICT4D projects and India has one such organization, n-Logue Communications that has aptly done this.
The full form of DECT is Digital EnhancedCordless Telecommunications, which is useful in designing small capacity WLL (wireless in local loop) systems. These systems are operative only on LOS Conditions and are very much affected by weather conditions.System is designed for rural and sub urban areas where subscriber density is medium or low.
"corDECT" system provides simultaneous voice and Internet access.The new generation corDECT technology is called Broadband corDECT which supports & provides broadband Internet access over wireless local loop.
It is low cost technology designed for rural accesses. however the bandwidth achievable with corDECT are much lower .BB corDECT is a new version from TeNeT Group. It is commercially deployed in few thousand villages and it has also been deployed in Egypt, some African countries
Advantages of 4G
As the networks move from generation to generation, more and more services are provided. Here is few of them,
- seamless mobility
- efficient support of various services at anytime anywhere basis
- maintaining Qos as compared with wire-line network
- higher bit rates from 10 mbps to 100 mbps
- economic deployment of systems
Conclusion
Wireless communication is an unending, undying field which will prosper as long as the human race exist. To make India
technology, the awareness and adaptation of the technologies forth coming new generation are needed and there is a need for conducting mission oriented research for 4G technology to give it to the people with low cost.
References
- Ashok Jhunghunwala, “next generation wireless” TeTeK Group, IIT madras.
- Dr.Bhasakaran Raman and Kameswari Chebrodu “Experiences in using wi-fi for rural internet in
- Stephen Mc Laughlin, “Broadband communications”
- IEEE network magazine
- www.google.com
No comments:
Post a Comment
leave your opinion