ABSTRACT
Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc
(BD) is the name of a next-generation optical disc video recording format
jointly developed by nine leading consumer electronics companies. The format
was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition
video (HDTV). Blu-ray makes it possible to record over 2 hours of digital
high-definition video (HDTV) or more than 13 hours of standard-definition video
(SDTV/VHS picture quality) on a 27GB disc. There are also plans for higher
capacity discs that are expected to hold up to 50GB of data.
The
Blu-ray Disc technology can store sound and video while maintaining high
quality and also access the stored content in an easy-to-use way. Adoption of
the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of applications including PC data storage and
high definition video software is being considered.
Introduction
Nine
leading companies today announced that they have jointly established the basic
specifications for a next generation large capacity optical disc video
recording format called "Blu-ray Disc". The Blu-ray Disc enables the
recording, rewriting and play back of up to 27 gigabytes (GB) of data on a
single sided single layer 12cm CD/DVD size disc using a 405nm blue-violet
laser.
By
employing a short wavelength blue violet laser, the Blu-ray Disc successfully
minimizes its beam spot size by making the numerical aperture (NA) on a field
lens that converges the laser 0.85. In addition, by using a disc structure with
a 0.1mm optical transmittance protection layer, the Blu-ray Disc diminishes
aberration caused by disc tilt. This also allows for disc better readout and an
increased recording density. The Blu-ray Disc's tracking pitch is reduced to
0.32um, almost half of that of a regular DVD, achieving up to 27 GB
high-density recording on a single sided disc.
Because the
Blu-ray Disc utilizes global standard "MPEG-2 Transport Stream"
compression technology highly compatible with digital broadcasting for video
recording, a wide range of content can be recorded. It is possible for the
Blu-ray Disc to record digital high definition broadcasting while maintaining
high quality and other data simultaneously with video data if they are received
together. In addition, the adoption of a unique ID written on a Blu-ray Disc
realizes high quality copyright protection functions.
The Blu-ray
Disc is a technology platform that can store sound and video while maintaining
high quality and also access the stored content in an easy-to-use way. This
will be important in the coming broadband era as content distribution becomes
increasingly diversified. The nine companies involved in the announcement will
respectively develop products that take full advantage of Blu-ray Disc's large
capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aiming to further
enhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger capacity, such
as over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over 50GB on a single
sided double layer disc. Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of
applications including PC data storage and high definition video software is
being considered.
Concept of the format establishment
:
Ø To
realize the large capacity with 12cm disc
- More than
2-hour high definition video recording
- High capacity of more
than 4-hour recording by double layer technology.
Ø To
cope with digital broadcasting
- High
compatibility with digital broadcasting
- To prevent illegitimate
duplication of contents
Ø To
enhance the Blu-ray Disc world
- Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in variety of media and applications
Ø
Large recording capacity
up to 27GB:
By adopting a 405nm blue-violet
semiconductor laser, with a 0.85NA field lens and a 0.1mm optical transmittance
protection disc layer structure, it can record up to 27GB video data on a
single sided 12cm phase change disc. It can record over 2 hours of digital high
definition video and more than 13 hours of standard TV broadcasting
(VHS/standard definition picture quality, 3.8Mbps)
Ø
Easy to use disc cartridge:
An easy to use optical disc
cartridge protects the optical disc's recording and playback phase from dust
and fingerprints
Ø
High-speed data transfer rate 36Mbps:
It is possible for the Blu-ray Disc
to record digital high definition broadcasts or high definition images from a
digital video camera while maintaining the original picture quality. In
addition, by fully utilizing an optical disc's random accessing functions, it
is possible to easily edit video data captured on a video camera or play back
pre-recorded video on the disc while simultaneously recording images being
broadcast on TV.
Ø
Recording
format:
Like the DVD, the Blu-ray disc uses
phase change recording. This must be good news for those who plan to make the
new format compatible with its wildly popular predecessor. This recording
format will also makes a two-sided disc easily realizable because both writing
and reading can be executed by a single pickup.
Ø
Multiplexing:
Blu-ray disc utilizes global
standards like MPEG-2 Transport Stream compression technology for video and
audio multiplexing. This makes it possible for a Blu-ray Disc to record high
definition broadcasting and other data simultaneously with video data if they
are received together. Data captured on a video camera while recording images
being broadcast on TV can also be edited simultaneously.
Ø Highly
compatible with digital broadcasting :
MPEG2 transport stream compression
technology for video recording can record digital broadcasting including HDTV
while maintaining its original picture quality.
Ø Best
data structure for disc recording
Achieving improvement of searching,
easy editing functions and play a list playback functions by adapting logical
data structure making the best use of
random
accessing.
Ø File
system for HDTV real time recording
Adapting the file system which can
achieve high bit rate recording and playback of HDTV and best use of disc space
The Blue Laser
A
blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from about
405nm to 470nm. Most blue laser diodes use indium gallium nitride as the
material to create the laser light, although the amount of indium included in
the material varies. (Some blue laser diodes use no indium.) Some manufacturers
create blue LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which create light in a manner
similar to lasers with silicon carbide.
Blue
laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser beams,
which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more densely. The
spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the materials
in the optical disc and the way the laser is applied to the disc, in the size
of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc. Laser beams with larger spot
sizes typically create larger pits than those with smaller pit sizes. Blue
lasers are desirable because blue light has the shortest wavelength among
visible light.
A blue laser operates at a shorter wavelength of about 405nm than a red
laser at about 650nm. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter,
one-millionth of a millimeter, and one-thousandth of a micron. One inch is
equal to about 25.4 million nanometers. A human hair is about 50,000nm wide.
Putting Blue Lasers to Work
Blue
lasers could appear in a variety of business applications, including
high-density DVDs, laser printers, and lighting situations.
HD DVDs : HD (high-definition) DVDs using blue laser light could lead to five or six times the storage capacity possible using red laser light on a DVD. Blue laser light could create HD CDs, too.
Because
blue lasers can increase the capacity of optical discs by five-fold or more,
they give manufacturers a few options for their digital files. Manufacturers
could choose to burn additional data onto the disc while keeping the same
digital quality, potentially making CDs containing 50 to 75 songs.
Manufacturers also could choose to use blue laser to increase the quality level
of the video or audio recording. Keep in mind that nearly all DVDs using the
MPEG-2 standard automatically contain some compression of the video file, which
allows the file to fit on the disc. With an HD DVD, manufacturers could choose
to use no compression on the video file, which should improve file quality.
Light bulbs : With green and red lasers already available, development of a blue laser would be the final piece of the laser puzzle among primary colors. By using all three colors of lasers, a researcher could create a device that would mix the laser light and create white light, which, at some point, could replace the common light bulb. If you combine red, green, and blue laser light, you can produce light with greater brilliance and greater efficiency than currently is available with fluorescent lights.
Light bulbs : With green and red lasers already available, development of a blue laser would be the final piece of the laser puzzle among primary colors. By using all three colors of lasers, a researcher could create a device that would mix the laser light and create white light, which, at some point, could replace the common light bulb. If you combine red, green, and blue laser light, you can produce light with greater brilliance and greater efficiency than currently is available with fluorescent lights.
Creating LEDs in this manner can be of particular help in areas where light bulbs are expensive and difficult to replace. An LED can burn for several times as long as a light bulb for about one-fourth the operating cost because most of the LED’s energy is involved in creating light, rather than creating heat energy. Traditional light bulbs create a lot of heat along with the light.
LEDs already are used in many traffic lights, where traditional bulbs usually last less than one year, can be tough to see in sunlight, and fail suddenly. LEDs in a traffic light should last at least five years, remain highly visible in sunlight, and gradually fade in intensity rather than failing suddenly.
Medicine : Scientists already are experimenting with blue lasers in discovering certain types of cancer. Using an endoscope, researchers have had some success finding tumors using a blue laser light inside the patient’s stomach and intestinal tract.
Printing : Laser printers using blue laser light would be smaller and more precise than today’s laser printers, which use red laser light. Because of blue laser light’s smaller wavelength, the laser mechanism inside a printer that uses blue laser light could be smaller, leading to smaller printers. Print resolution using blue lasers would be at least double that of today’s top laser printers, too; some researchers estimate resolution as sharp as 2,400dpi in a blue laser printer. Blue laser could play a role in full-color scanners and fax machines, too.
Security : After the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, fears have increased over additional attacks using biological or chemical weapons. However, blue laser light causes some chemical and biological agents to give off light, even though those agents are invisible to the naked eye, which might let security screening personnel spot a biological agent during a routine search or as the agent comes through customs.
The Blu-ray Impact
Blu-ray
is expected to challenge DVD's run as the fastest selling consumer-electronics
item in history. If that happens, the impact would be too big for the major
players to discount. For example, the number of films sold on DVD more than
doubled last year to over 37 million. In addition, almost 2.4 million DVD
players were bought in the past year. As Blu-ray is not compatible with DVD,
its success could upset the applecart of many players. If the new format turns
out to be much popular, the demand for DVD players could come down drastically.
Not withstanding the challenge to DVD makers, the new format is seen as a big
step in the quest for systems offering higher data storage. It is expected to
open up new opportunities for broadcasting industry. Recording of
high-definition television video—an application in which more than 10GB of
storage space is filled up with just one hour of video—will get a major boost.
Conversely, the format could take advantage of the spread of high-definition
television. As Blu-ray Disc uses MPEG-2 Transport Stream compression
technology, recording for digital broadcasting would become easier. Its
adoption will grow in the broadband era as it offers a technology platform to
manage stored content. But the real action will begin when the companies
involved develop products that take full advantage of Blu-ray Disc's large
capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. As that happens, Blu-ray will move
beyond being a recording tool to a variety of applications. Adoption of Blu-ray
Disc in PC data storage is already being considered.
Comparison of
Storage Technologies
While current optical disc
technologies such as CD, DVD, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW and DVD+RW use a red laser
to read and write data, the new format uses a blue laser instead, hence the
name Blu-ray. The benefit of using a blue laser is that it has a shorter
wavelength (405 nanometer) than a red laser (650 nanometer), which means that
it's possible to focus the laser beam with even greater precision. This allows
data to be packed more tightly on the disc and makes it possible to fit more
data on the same size disc. Despite the different type of lasers used, Blu-ray
Disc Recorders will be made compatible with current red-laser technologies and
allow playback of CDs and DVDs.
The following diagram shows the
comparison between different storage Technologies.
How does Blu-ray disc work?
History of
Technology
1.
The challenge to write more information on disk
2.
Shiju Nakamura is credited with inventing the blue diode
laser and
blue, green, and white LEDs.
3.
Nakamura was working at Nichia Chemical Industries in Japan
when he developed the blue laser in
1995.
Description
of how this technology works.
Blue
lasers have a wavelength of 405 nanometers, shorter than that of red lasers,
which have a wavelength of around 650 nanometers and are used for reading and
writing DVD and CD discs. The shorter wavelength means that the laser can
register smaller dots on a disc and more data can be stored. As a result, blue
laser technology has been adopted for the development of next-generation
optical discs.
1. Using
double infrared frequency to create the wavelength for blue light.
2.
A blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from about
405nm to 470nm.
3.
Most blue laser diodes use indium gallium nitride as the material to create the
laser light.
4.
Blue laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser
beams, which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more
densely.
5.
The spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the
materials in the optical disc and the way the laser is applied to the disc, in
the size of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc.
6.
Laser beams with larger spot sizes typically create larger pits than those with
smaller pit sizes.
Future Developments
Despite
the impending tug-of war, the industry is excited about the future prospects of
this technological innovation. The industry is of the view that Blu-ray has the
potential to replicate, if not better, the DVD success story. The expected
upswing in high-definition television adoption and broadband implementation
could act as the catalyst. Aware that the recession in economies across the
globe could come in the way of high-definition television broadband
penetration, major players are exploring the ways to make Blu-ray compatible
with DVDs. Cost can dampen the sales in the first year. Owing to the patent and
the technology involved, Blu-ray is likely to cost more than DVDs. But sooner
than later, it will move towards commodity pricing. Once that happens, Blu-ray
holds the promise to steal a march over its immediate predecessor.
Conclusion
In conclusion the Blue-ray Disc is a technology platform
that can store sound and video while maintaining high quality and also access
the stored content in an easy-to-use way.
Blue lasers have a shorter wavelength, which means the laser beam can be
focused onto a smaller area of the disc surface. In turn, this means less real
estate is needed to store one bit of data, and so more data can be stored on a
disc. This will be important in the coming
broadband era as content distribution becomes increasingly diversified. Companies involved in the development will
respectively make products that take full advantage of Blue-ray Disc's large
capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aiming to further
enhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger capacity, such
as over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over 50GB on a single
sided double layer disc. Adoption of the Blue-ray Disc in a variety of
applications including PC data storage and high definition video software is
also being considered. There is a lot of
talk about blue-laser-based systems being focused around high-definition
television, which has heavy data needs. But Blue-ray Disc groups are also considering
development of write-once and read-only formats for use with PCs.
Prototype blue-laser-based optical disc systems have been
around for more than a year. However, one problem has hampered development of
commercial systems: cost. A sample blue-laser diode currently costs around
$1000, making consumer products based on the parts unrealistic. However,
Nichia, the major source for blue lasers, is expected to begin commercial
production this year and the price of a blue-laser diode is expected to tumble
once the company begins turning them out in volume. The DVD forum may or may not invite the
blue-ray light into is era but the 27GB disc is not far off in practically
disturbing the DVD wave.
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