ABSTRACT
Optical packet switching promises to bring the flexibility and efficiency of Internet to transparent optical networking with bit rate extending beyond that currently available with electronic router technologies. New optical signal processing have been demonstrated that enable routing at bit rates from 10gb/s to beyond 40gb/s.in this article we review these signal processing techniques and how all optical wavelength converters technology can be used to implement packet switching functions. Specific approaches that utilize ultra fast all-optical nonlinear fiber wavelength converters and monolithically integrated wavelength converters are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
With in today's Internet data is transported using wavelength division
multiplexed (WDM) optical fiber transmission system that carry 32-80
wavelengths modulated at 2.5gb/s and 10gb/s per wavelength. Today’s largest
routers and electronic switching systems need to handle close to 1tb/s to
redirect incoming data from deployed WDM links. Mean while next generation
commercial systems will be capable of single fiber transmission supporting
hundreds of wavelength at 10Gb/s and world experiments have demonstrated
10Tb/shutdown transmission.
The ability to direct packets through the network when single fiber
transmission capacities approach this magnitude may require electronics to run
at rates that outstrip Moor’s law. The bandwidth mismatch between fiber
transmission systems and electronics router will becomes more complex when we
consider that future routers and switches will potentially terminate hundreds
of wavelength, and increase in bit rate per wavelength will head out of beyond
40gb/s to 160gb/s. even with significance advances in electronic processor
speed, electronics memory access time only improve at the rate of approximately
5% per year, an important data point since memory plays a key role in how
packets are buffered and directed through a router. Additionally
opto-electronic interfaces dominate the power dissipations, footprint and cost
of these systems, and do not scale well as the port count and bit rate
increase. Hence it is not difficult to see that the process of moving a massive
number of packets through the multiple layers of electronics in a router can
lead to congestion and exceed the performance of electronics and the ability to
efficiently handle the dissipated power.
In this article we review the state of art in optical packet switching
and more specifically the role optical signal processing plays in performing
key functions. It describe how all-optical wavelength converters can be
implemented as optical signal processors for packet switching, in terms of
their processing functions, wavelength agile steering capabilities, and signal
regeneration capabilities. Examples of how wavelength converters based
processors can be used to implement asynchronous packet switching functions are
reviewed. Two classes of wavelength converters will be touched on:
monolithically integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) based and
nonlinear fiber based.
ALL OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS
In all optical packet switching network
the data is maintained in optical format throughout the routing and
transmission processes. One approach that has been widely used is all-optical
label swapping (AOLS). AOLS is intended to solve potential mismatch between
dense WDM (DWDM) fiber capacity and router packet forwarding capacity,
especially as packet data rate increase beyond that easily handled by
electronics (>40gb/s). Packets can be routed independent of the payload bit
rate, coding format or length. In this approach a lower bit rate label is
attached to front end of the packet. The packet bit rate is then independent of
the label bit rate, coding format or length. AOLS is not limited to handle only
IP packets but can also handle asynchronous transfers mode ATM) cells, optical
bursts, data file transfer, and other data structures without SONET framing.
Migrating from POS to packet routed networks can improve efficiency but reduce
latency.
In this approach a lower bit rate label is attached to the front end of
the packet. The packet bit rate is then independent of the label bit rate and
the label can be detected and processed using lower-cost electronics in order
to make routing decisions. However, actual removal and replacement of label
with respect to packet is done with optics. While the packet contains original
electronic IP network data and routing information specifically used in the
optical routing layer. The label may also contain bits for error checking and
correction as well as source and destination information and framing and timing
information.
An example AOLS network is illustrated in FIG.2. IP packets enter the
network through an ingress node where they are encapsulated with an optical
label and retransmitted on a new wavelength. once inside the AOLS network, only
the label is used to make the routing decisions, and the packet wavelength is
used to dynamically redirect them to next node. At internal core nodes label is
optically erased, the packet is optically regenerated, a new label is attached,
and the packet is converted to a new wavelength. Packets and their labels may
also be replicated at an optical router realizing the important multicast
function. Throughout the networks the contents that first enter the core
network (eg. The IP packet header and the payload) are not passed through
electronics and are kept intact until the packet exist the core optical
network. These functions-label
replacement, packet regeneration, and wavelength conversion –are handled in
optical domain using optical signal processing techniques and may be
implemented using optical wavelength conversion technology.
The overall function of an optical labeled packet switch is shown in
FIG.3a.The switch can be separated into two planes, data and control. The data
plane is the physical medium over which packets are switched. This part of the
switch is bit-rate-transparent and able to handle packet with any format out to
very high bit rate. The control plane has two levels of functionality. The
decisions and control level executes the packet handling process including
switch control, packet buffering, and scheduling. This control section operates
not at packet bit rate but instead at the slower label bit rate and does not
need to be bit rate transparent. The other level of control plane supplies
routing information to the decision level. This information is more slowly
varying and may be updated throughout the network on a less dynamic basis than
the packet control.
The optical label swapping technique is shown more detail in
FIG.3b.Optically labeled packets at the input have a majority of the input
optical power directed to upper photonic packet processing plane and a small
portion of the optical packets directed to the lower electronics label
processing plane. The photonic plane handles optical data regeneration, optical
label removal, optical label rewriting, and the packet rate wavelength
switching. The lower electronic plane recovers into an electronic memory and
uses lookup tables and other digital logic to determine the new optical label
and wavelength in the upper photonic plane. A static fiber delay line is used
at photonic plane input to match the processing delay differences between the
two planes. In future, certain portions of the label swapping functions may be
handled using optical techniques.
An alternative approach to the
random access technique described above is to use time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique where packet bits are synchronously located within time slot
dedicated to that packet. For example, randomly arriving each on different
wavelength, are bit rate interleaved using all-optical orthogonal time division
multiplexer (OTDM). For example if a 4:1 OTDM is used, every fourth bit at the
output belongs to first incoming packet and so on. A TDM frame is defined as
the duration of the one of all of the time slots. Once packets have been
assembled into frames at the network edge, packets can be removed from or added
to a frame using optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM)
OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND OPTICAL WAVELENGTH CONVERSION
Packet routing and forwarding functions are performed today using digital
electronics, while transport between routers is supported using high-capacity
DWDM transmission and optical circuit-switched systems. Optical signal (OSP) is
currently used to support transport functions optical dispersion compensation
and optical wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing.
Today’s routers relay on dynamic buffering and scheduling to efficiently
move IP packets. However, optical dynamic buffering techniques do not currently
exist. To realize optical packet switching new techniques must be developed for
scheduling and routing. The optical wavelength domain can be used to forward
packets on different wavelength with the potential to reduce the need for
optical buffering and decreased collision probability.
FUNCTIONS
OF AN OPTICAL ROUTER
The major functions of a router are:
Ø
Demux and mux: Separates and combines wavelength
Ø
Optical splitter: Sends copies of packet to control
element and/or label eraser
Ø
Label eraser: Removes the label header.
Ø
Label writer: Places a new label on the packet.
Ø
Wavelength converter: Places packets onto one of the
several wavelength.
Ø
Buffer: Holds until mux is ready to process it
Ø
Control element: Controls the operations of the label
writer, the wavelength converter,
and the buffer.
ASYNCHRONOUS
OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING AND LABEL SWAPPING IMPLEMENTATIONS
The AOLS functions described in Fig.3
can be implemented using monolithically integrated indium phosphide (InP) SOA
wavelength converter technology (SOA_IWC) technology. An example that employs a
two-stage wavelength converter is shown in Fig.4 and is designed to operate
with NRZ coded packets and labels. In general this type of converter works for
10Gb/s and can be extended to 40Gb/s and possibly beyond. In Fig. Functions are
indicated the top layer and photonic and electronic plane implementations are
shown in middle and lower layers. A burst- mode photo receiver is used to
recover the digital information residing in the label. A gating signal is then
generated by post receiver electronics, in order to shut down the output of
first stage, an InP SOA cross-gain modulation (XGM) wavelength converter. This
effectively blanks the input label. The SOA converter turns on after the label
passes and input NRZ packet is converted to an out-of-band internal wavelength.
The lower electronic control circuitry is synchronized with well timed the
well-timed optical time-of-flight delays in the photonic plane. The first stage
WC is used to optically preprocess input packet by:
Ø
Converting input packets at any wavelength to a shorter
wavelength, which is chosen to optimize the SOA XGM extinction ratio.
Ø
Converting random input packet polarization state to a fixed
state set by a local InP distributed
feedback (DFB) for all optical filter operation
Ø
Setting the optical power bias point for the second
wavelength converter
The recovered label is
also sent to a fast lookup table that generates the new label and outgoing
wavelength based on prestored routing information. The new wavelength is
translated to currents that set a rapidly tunable laser to the new output
wavelength. The wavelength is pre modulated with the new label using an InP
electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and input to an InP interferometric SOA-WC
(SOA-IWC). The SOA-IWC is set in its maximum transmission mode to allow the new
label to pass through. A short time after the label is transmitted (determined
by guard band), the WC is biased for inverting operation, and the packet enters
the SOA-IWC from the first stage and drives one arm of the WC, imprinting the
information onto the new wavelength. The second stage wavelength converter:
Ø Enables the new label at new wavelength to be passed to
outputs using a fixed optical band
reject filter
Ø Reverts the bit polarity to its original state
Ø Is optimized for wavelength up conversion
Ø Enhances the extinction ratio due to its nonlinear
transfer function
The label swapping functions may also implemented at higher 40 and 80Gb/s
using RZ coded packets and NRZ coded labels. This approach has been
demonstrated using the configuration in Fig.5. The silicon-based label
processing electronics layer is basically the same as in Fig. 4. In this
implementation nonlinear fiber cross phase modulation (XPM) is used to erase
the label, convert the label and regenerate the signal. An optically amplified
input RZ packet efficiently modulate sidebands through fiber cross phase
modulation onto a new continuous wave (CW) wavelength converter, while the NRZ
–label XPM induced sideband modulation very in efficient and the label is
erased or suppressed. The RZ modulated sideband is recovered using a two-stage
filter that passes a single side band. The converted packet with erased label
is passed to the converter output where it is reassembled with a new label. The
fiber XPM converter also various signal conditioning and digital regeneration
functions also including extinction ratio enhancement of RZ signals and
polarization mode dispersion compensation.
ALL-OPTICAL
WAVELENGTH CONVERSION USING SOA
Research into wavelength conversion using SOAs is well developed in many
of the major optoelectronics research laboratories worldwide. Three main
methods of wavelength conversion have been explored: cross-gain modulation
(XGM), four-wave mixing (FWM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM). These will be
discussed in the following sections of this article, and results from work on
all-optical wavelength conversion performed at BT Laboratories will be shown to
illustrate the current status.
Cross-Gain Modulation
The rate of stimulated emission in an SOA is dependent on the optical input power. At high optical injection, the carrier concentration in the active region is depleted through stimulated emission to such an extent that the gain of the SOA is reduced. This effect is known as gain saturation and typically occurs for input powers of the order of 100 µW or more.
Gain saturation can be used to convert data from one wavelength to another. Two optical signals enter a single SOA with one carrying amplitude modulated data and the other being of constant power (CW). If the peak optical power in the modulated signal is near the saturation power of the SOA, the gain will be modulated in synchronism with the power excursions. When the data signal is at a high level (a binary 1), the gain is depleted, and vice versa. This gain modulation is imposed on the unmodulated input beam. Thus, an inverted replica of the input data is created at the target wavelength.
Until recently, the speed of wavelength conversion using SOA gain saturation was thought to be limited by the intrinsic carrier lifetime of around 0.5 ns. However, recent work has shown that the speed of such devices is greater than the limit of a few gigabits per second this lifetime would imply. This is because the effective carrier lifetime, which can be decreased by the use of high optical injection, and longitudinal propagation effects, which can shape pulses as they traverse the SOA, must be considered. Under high optical injection the rate of stimulated emission in the SOA increases, and this can reduce the effective lifetime to as low as 10ps.
Interferometric Devices
It was noted in the discussion of XGM wavelength converters that
accompanying the gain modulation with carrier density changes is a modulation
of the refractive index of the SOA. This cross-phase modulation (XPM) can be
utilized to good effect in interferometric arrangements to obtain wavelength
conversion devices with significant advantages over those relying on XGM alone.
In such devices the light to be switched is split into two paths containing
SOAs, and a relative phase shift is induced by the optical switching signal
entering one of the SOAs, which saturates the gain. When the light is
recombined, constructive or destructive interference will occur depending on
the phase difference between the two paths. The unperturbed state of the
interferometer can be set up for constructive or destructive interference so
that injection of a switching signal causes either a decrease or increase,
respectively, in the wavelength-converted signal. The state of the
interferometer is typically set by adjusting the injection current in the two
SOAs or by a separate phase tuning element in a passive waveguide. Thus, the
first advantage to note for interferometric wavelength converters over XGM is the
choice between inverting or noninverting operation.
Structures analogous to Michelson
and Mach-Zehnder interferometers can be made by hybrid integration of SOAs and
couplers or by monolithic integration. Hybrid devices consisting of discrete
SOAs and fiber couplers were used in early experiments; however, the need to
maintain relative path lengths to within a fraction of a wavelength makes these
devices vulnerable to environmental changes such as temperature or vibration.
Monolithic integration offers considerable stability advantages in addition to
compactness.
SYNCHRONOUS
OTDM
Synchronous switching system have been used extensively for packet routing: however their implementations using ultra fast optical signal processing techniques technique is fairly new. In the remainder of the article we summarize optical time domain functions for synchronous packet networks. These include the ability to:
Ø Multiplex
several low bit-rate DWDM channels into a single high bit rate OTDM channels
Ø Demultiplex
a single high bit-rate OTDM channels into several low bit-rate DWDM channel
Ø Add and/or
drop a time slot from an OTDM channel
Ø Wavelength route OTDM signals.
ADVANTAGES
Ø
Does not require O-E-O conversion
Ø
Low cost
Ø
High bit rate
Ø
Delay is the order of nanoseconds
Ø
Semiconductor based all-optical wavelength converters are
compact
Ø
They are readily lend them selves to integration and mass production
CONCLUSION
In this article we review optical
signal processing and wavelength converter technologies that can bring
transparency to optical packet switching with bit rate extending beyond that
currently available with electronic router technologies. The application of
optical signal processing technique to all optical label swapping and
synchronous network functions is presented. Optical wavelength converter
technologies show promise to implement packet-processing functions. Non-linear
fiber wavelength converters and indium phosphide optical wavelength converters
are described.
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